differences osi layer and internet layer

OSI REFERENCE MODEL LAYERIn the OSI reference model there are seven layers, where each layer has a different network functions:Layer 7. ApplicationLayer 6. PresentationLayer 5. SessionLayer 4. TransportLayer 3. NetworkLayer 2. Data linkLayer 1. Physical
Application layer FUNCTION
Application layer (OSI Layer 7) is the OSI layer closest to the user; provide network services to user applications. In contrast to the other layer, Layer 7 does not provide a service for other OSI layers. Examples of these applications are spreadsheet programs, word processing, and bank terminal. Layer 7 establish the desired communication partner, establish and synchronize deal for error recovery procedures and control the integrity of the data. If you want to remember Layer 7 with a few words, think about browsers.
6 OSI LAYER FUNCTIONS
How data is converted and formatted for data transfer. Examples of ASCII text format conversion for documents,. GIF and JPG for images. This layer performs code conversion, data translation, encryption and conversion.
OSI LAYER FUNCTIONS 5
Session layer (OSI Layer 5) establish, manage and terminate sessions between two communicating hosts. Layer 5 Layer 6 provides services for and synchronizes dialogue between two Layer 6 and organize their data exchange. Besides manage sessions, Layer 5 provides equipment for efficient data transfer, class of service and exception reports problems Layer 5, 6 and 7. If you want to remember Layer 5 in a few words, think of dialogue and conversation (conversation).
OSI Layer 4 FUNCTION
Transport layer (OSI layer 4) create a segment of data to the host system which sends then collected back into the flow of data to the host system receives. In particular Layer 4 transport ensures between two hosts. In providing communication services, Layer 4 establish, maintain and terminate virtual circuits. In providing reliable service, using Layer 4 transport error detection-and-recovery and information flow control. If you want to remember Layer 4 in a few words, think about the quality of service and reliability.
OSI LAYER 3 FUNCTION
Network layer (OSI Layer 3) is a complex layer that provides an addressing scheme, connectivity and path selection (path selection) between two host systems that may be located on geographically separated networks. If you want to remember Layer 3 with ease, think about the selection of tracks, routing (routing), and addressing (addressing).
2 OSI LAYER FUNCTIONS
The data link layer (OSI Layer 2) provides reliable transit of data across a sambugan direct (physical link). In doing this, Layer 2 using physical addressing (physical addressing), network topology, network access, error notification (error notification), the sequential delivery of frames and flow control. If you want to remember Layer 2 easily, think about the frame and media access control (media access control).
OSI LAYER FUNCTIONS 1
Physical layer (OSI Layer 1) defines the functional specifications, procedural, mechanical and electrical to enable, maintain and lethal direct connection between the two systems. For example, voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, data rate, maximum shipping distances, physical connectors etc.. If you want to remember Layer 1 is easy, think about the signaling and media.
ENKAPULASI DATA
Encapsulation wraps data with the necessary protocol information before it is sent. Thus, when moving down through the OSI layers, packets received header, trailer, and other information. Five steps for the conversion of data encapsulation:- Make data
- Enter the data in the segment
- Enter the segment in a packet or datagram
- Enter the package in the frame
- Converting frames to pattern 1 and 0 (bit)
REFERENCE MODEL TCP / IPAlthough the OSI reference model is more commonly used but technically and historically, the standard reference model of the Internet is the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP). This model has 4 layers:- Application- Transport- Internet- Network
· 4 LAYER FUNCTION TCP / IP
Application layer (Layer 4) TCP / IP model struggling with a business presentation, encoding and dialog control. TCP / IP combines the session, presentation and application in a single layer and assumes the data is ready encapsulated on the next layer.
· FUNCTION LAYER 3 TCP / IP
Transport layer (layer 3 TCP / IP) struggling with the quality of service matters of reliability, flow control and error correction. One of the protocol, transmission control protocol (TCP), provides a flexible and perfect for a reliable communications network, well-flowing, low-error. TCP dialogue between the sender and the receiver when the data encapsulated in the segment. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, meaning that segment moving back and forth between the two hosts to inform them that the connection occurs during a specific time (packet switching).
· FUNCTION LAYER 2 TCP / IP
Internet layer (Layer 2 TCP / IP) function to send packets between different networks and determine the path taken. Specific protocol layer is the Internet protocol (IP). Best path determination and packet switching occur at this layer.
· LAYER FUNCTIONS 1 TCP / IP
Network layer (Layer 1 TCP / IP) layer is also called host-to-network. This layer provides everything needed to make the connection data packets directly (physical link) including details of LAN and WAN technologies and all the details in the Physical and Data link layer (Layer 1 and Layer 2 OSI).

peluang (matematika)

Opportunity, Permutations & Combinations Mathematics
Web Formula Opportunities collecting materials, Permutations & Combinations Mathematics for high school kids to UAN SNMPTN SNCA SIMAK UI. Please learn :)
1) PermutationsPermutation is an arrangement of different elements in a specific order. On the permutation sequence noted thatPermutations of k elements from n elements are all different possible sequences of k elements taken from n distinct elements. Many permutations of k elements from n elements written or.Cyclic permutation (circular) of n elements is (n-1)!How quickly do the problems of permutations

    with NPK writing, arithmetic 10P4
    we immediately write 4 points from 10 backwards, ie 10.9.8.7
    10P4 = 10x9x8x7 so how is it? count yourself :)
Examples of cyclic permutations:

    A family consists of six people sitting around a circular table. How many ways so that they can sit around the table in a different way?
    Answer:
    The number of ways that 6 people can sit around the table in a different order with many permutations cyclic (circular) 6 elements, namely:
2) CombinationThe combination is an arrangement of elements with no regard to the order. In combination AB = BA. Of a set with n elements can be assembled with a set of parts for each subsets with k elements of a set with n elements is called a combination of n k elements are denoted by,
Example:Given the set.Determine many subsets of the set A which has 2 elements!Answer:
Many subsets of A which has 2 elements is C (6, 2).

How quickly do the problem combination

    with writing NCK, count 10C4
we immediately write 4 points from 10 back and then divided by 4!, which divided 10.9.8.7 4.3.2.1so 10C4 = 10x9x8x7 / 4x3x2x1 how much is it? count yourself :)
Ohya if asked the same 10C6 10C4, 10C6 = 10C4 remember. other examples20C5 = 20C153C2 = 3C1100C97 = 100C3see the pattern? hehe hopefully useful!Math Opportunities
1. Definition of Sample Space and EventsThe set S of all events or events that may appear from an experiment is called the sample space. Specific incident or an element of S is called a point sample or samples. An event A is a subset of the sample space S.

    Example:
    Given experiment throwing three coins at once one time, each of which has the number (A) and drawing (G). If P is the incident came two figures, set S, P (event)!
    Answer:
    S = {AAA, AAG, AGA, GAA, GAG, AGG, GGA, GGG}
    P = {AAG, AGA, GAA}
2. An Opportunity Understanding GenesisIn an experiment there are n possible outcomes and each had the opportunity to come together. If the results of this experiment, there are k outcomes of event A, then the chance of event A written P (A) is determined by the formula:

    Example:
    In throwing a dice experiment, determine the incidence of experimental opportunities arise even number!
    Answer: S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} then n (S) = 6
    Let A be the event appear even number, then:
    A = {2, 4, 6} and n (A) = 3
3. Opportunity Value range MathematicsLet A be any event in the sample space S with n (S) = n, n (A) = k andSo, the odds of an event lies in the closed interval [0,1]. An event called the impossible event zero chances and the chances of events called the incident one for sure.
4. Frequency of Hope A GenesisIf A is an event on the frequency of the sample space S with a chance of P (A), then the expected frequency of n times the event A trial is nx P (A).

    Example:
    When a dice 720 times, what is the expected frequency of the appearance of the dice 1? Answer:
    In throwing dice 1 time, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} then n (S) = 6.
    Let A be the incidence of emergence of the dice 1, then:
    A = {1} and n (A) so that:
The frequency of emergence hope dice 1 is
5. Complement An Opportunity GenesisLet S be a sample space with n (S) = n, A is incident on the sample space S, with n (A) = k and Ac is the complement of event A, then the value of n (Ac) = n - k, so that:
So, if the chance result of an experiment is P, then the chances of it not happening result is (1 - P).Genesis Compound Opportunity
1. Combined Two EventsFor any events A and B apply:
Note: read "Genesis A or B and read" The events A and B "

    Example:
    In throwing a dice, A is a composite number and appearance of event B the event appear even number. Look for a chance of event A or B!
    Answer:
2. The events Mutual ReleaseFor each event applies if. So in this case, A and B are called independent of the other two events.
3. Conditional GenesisIf P (B) is a chance event B, then P (A | B) is defined as the chance of event A condition that B has occurred. If you are the chances of A and B, then in this case, the two events are not independent.
4. Bayes TheoremBayes Theorem (1720 - 1763) put forward the relationship between P (A | B) and P (B | A) in the following theorem:
5. Genesis independent Stokhastik(I) Suppose A and B are events - events in the sample space S, A and B are called the two events are independent if the occurrence stokhastik not influenced one another or appearance: P (A | B) = P (A), so that:Distribution Opportunities
1. Definition of random variables and distribution opportunities.Random variable X is a function of a sample of S into the real numbers R. If X is a random variable on a sample space S premises X (S) is a finite set, a random variable X is called discrete random variables. If Y is a random variable on a sample space S with Y (S) is an interval, a random variable Y is called continuous random variables. If X is a function of the sample S to the set of real numbers R, for each and every then:
Suppose X is a discrete random variable on a sample space S, the distribution function of future opportunities shortened odds of X is a function f of R which is determined by the following formula:
2. Distribution BinomBinomial Distribution Binom or expressed by the following formula:

With P as a parameter andThe formula is expressed as:for n = 0, 1, 2, .... , NWith P as a parameter and
P = chances of successn = Many trialsx = Appears Successfuln-x = Appears to fail

HIV

HIV'S origin

•     1983: HIV'S virus found by Barre Sinoussi, Montaignier dkk at pasteur's institute LAV the so called (Limfanedopati associated is virus)

•       1984: Pavovic and Gallo finds kindred virus LAV who given by HTLV'S name III.

•        1986: International Taxonomy commission give HIV'S name

Infection......

Ø  media

• Blood liquid
• Sperm liquid
• Vagina liquid

·         ATTENTION

Ø  Trick

• Seks pre gets married
• Coition is not safe
• Utilizing begrimed blood HIV'S virus
• Utilizing hypodermic needle that don't sterile (begrimed HIV'S virus)
• Utilizing it ala alternates

Prevention......

•               Don't do seks

•      Looking for ttg HIV / AIDS's info

•      Talking over HIV / AIDS

•      Don't utilize NAPZA (notably methodics suntik) 

       etc.

polusi air

Water pollution - Presentation Transcript

    1. WATER AND AIR POLLUTION NATURE TERCEMARGalih (41610110013) Krishna (41610110028) Dito (41610110029)
    2. AIR POLLUTION AIRPENCEMARAN airadalahpenyimpangan or pollution of the water properties of keadaannormal, instead of kemurniannyadanAir yangtersebar in nature there has never been a pure robin, but that does not mean all airsudah polluted
    3. PENYEBABPencemaran dapatdisebabkanolehberbagaihaldanmemilikikarakteristik different water-beda.Meningkatnyakandungannutriendapatmengarahpadaeutrofikasi.Sampahorganikseperti sewage water (sewage) water menyebabkanpeningkatankebutuhanoksigenpada accept the mengarahpadaberkurangnyaoksigen the water dapatberdampakparahterhadapseluruhekosistem.Industrimembuangberbagaimacampolutankedalam limbahnyasepertilogamberat, toksinorganik, oil, nutriendanpadatan. Air limbahtersebutmemilikiefektermal, especially dikeluarkanolehpembangkitlistrik, which dapatjugamengurangioksigendalam air.Sepertilimbahpabrikygmengalirkesungaisepertidisungaicitarum
    4. AIR POLLUTION
    5. USE WATER WORLD
    6. AIRKualiti water qualities merangkumiaspekkimia, fizikaldankandunganbiologi.Menuruti had had a telahditentukan.DitentukandenganpengukuranDi-field (pH, color, turbiditi, konduktiviti). At Makmal (logamberat, nutrients, pestisid, microbial). Qualities baikialahiabebasdariorganismapenyakit water, bahankimiamerbahaya, bahanradioaktif, feeling that danbau accepted.
    7. Water Properties TercemarUntuk determine whether a polluted water or not, diperlukanpengujian to determine the properties of the water so it can diketahuiapakah any deviation from the constraints of water pollution. Airyang general properties tested and can be used to determine the level of pollution airmisalnya: pH, acidity and alkalinitasSuhuWarna, smell and rasaJumlah padatanNilai BOD / CODPencemaran microorganisms metal content of the oil patogenKandungan beratKandungan radioactive material
    8. CLASS USE WATER
    9. Grouping Air Pollutants (Pollutants) PadatanBahan exiles who require oxygen (oxygen-demanding wastes) MikroorganismeKomponen synthetic organic and inorganic mineral nutrients tanamanMinyakSenyawa radioaktifPanas Materials

polusi tanah

Dampak and Solutions of Soil Pollution
A.Impact of Soil Pollution
Berbagai impact caused by soil pollution are:

 1.The impact of soil pollution caused by waste from limbahdomestik:
-can cause odor and an eyesore.
-scum covering the surface of the soil so that the soil becomes bisadimanfaatkan.
-Heaps of garbage can produce nitrogen gas and acid sulfide and zatmercury, chromium and arsenic that causes disruption of the bio soil, vegetation, damage soil structure and texture of the surface.
-Limbah such as metal oxides can not be dissolved maupunyang larutmenjadi toxins at ground level.
-Inorganic waste which is not too
-Biodegradation
tidakdapat causing soil penetrated by plant roots and is impermeable to water so that the water infiltration that can enrich the soil danmineral lost and the number of microorganisms in dalamtanahpun will be reduced as a result of plant is difficult to grow even die due to food tidakmemperoleh berkembang.

2.The impact of soil contamination caused by wastewater:
-Limbah liquid form of feces, detergents, used motor oil, paint, etc., when absorbed into the soil will damage the soil water content and the amount of chemicals in it to kill microorganisms in the soil.
-Limbah liquid metal plating industry waste products containing substances sepertitembaga, lead, silver, chromium, arsenic and boron are substances that are beracunterhadap microorganisms. If soak into the ground will mengakibatkankematian for microorganisms that have an important function terhadapkesuburan ground.

3.The impact of soil pollution caused by solid waste: solid waste landfill industrial waste product resulting pembusukanyang cause odors around because there is a chemical reaction that menghasilan gastertentu and in the long term can damage danmengkotaminasi surface water seep into the ground with a certain bacteria that kualitasair soil dry season becomes menurun.

4.The impact of soil contamination caused by agricultural activities:
-Agricultural activities that use fertilizer will constantly undermine strukturtanah causing reduced soil fertility and can not be planted because jenistanaman certain nutrients in the soil decreases.
-Farming that uses pesticides can kill mikroorganismeyang sehingg useful in the soil becomes fertile soil.

5.The impact of soil pollution on health:
Berbagai kinds of chemicals that pollute the soil can cause a variety of health macamgangguan, for example:
-Chromium, pesticides, and herbicides is a material that is karsinogeniksehingga can cause cancer.
-Lead can cause brain damage in children and kidney damage padaseluruh population.
-Benzena can increase the chances of developing leukemia if exposed continuously at a certain concentration.
-Mercury (mercury) and can cause kidney damage siklodiena bahkansampai untreatable.
-PCBand siklodiena can cause liver toxicity.
-Organofosfat and karmabat can cause neuromuscular disorders.
-Solvents containing chlorine can stimulate a change of heart and kidney sertadapat lower pusat.6 nervous system.

The impact of soil contamination tehadap ecosystems: soil pollution can impact on the ecosystem, for example:
-Changes in soil chemical radicals arising from the substance or dangerous kimiaberacun can cause changes in the metabolism ofendemic microorganisms and arthropods that live in the soil environment yangtercemar.
-Destroying some primary species and the food chain to large memberiakibat against predators or other levels in the food chain.
-Impacts on agriculture which causes metabolismetanaman changes can have an impact on the conservation of plants continued dimanatanaman not able to hold the soil from erosion.
B.Solution of Soil Pollution
To overcome the problem of soil pollution is needed a solution daridampak soil contamination. The solution is used to solve the problem polusitanah by source:

1.Soil contamination by heavy metals (Hg (mercury), cadmium, tin, lead, copper, nickel, zinc, chromium, and manganese) can be overcome by adanyaa.

Remediation remidiasai tradisionalDalam traditionally used three ways: through treatment suhutinggi, agents compression and washing process. The high temperatures used untukmenghasilkan compound granular shaped glass similar to the nature of tidakdapat dilumerkan by rain. Agent compression function untukmenghasilkan compound similar to cement. Untukmencuci washing and cleaning process contaminants are discharged to a shelter (Mustaqim, 2010).

B.Land management tercemarMenurut USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) tanahtercemar management can be done by the following:

Raise the soil pH above 6.5 or higher
Logam cation will dissolve in acidic conditions.
Oleh therefore, menaikkanpH soil can reduce the risk of transfer of heavy metals into dalam tanaman, so the consumption of animals to heavy metals can dikurangi.Menaikkan pH has the opposite effect on the heavy metal cations adadalam shape. This causes the need to study the conditions yangkomprehensif suspected contaminated soil heavy metals.